Clark University is a private research university and liberal arts college in Worcester, Massachusetts. Founded in 1887, it is the oldest educational institution founded as an all-graduate university. Clark now also educates undergraduates. It is one of only three New England universities, along with Harvard and Yale, to be a founding member of the Association of American Universities, an organization of universities with the most prestigious profiles in research and graduate education. Clark withdrew its membership in 1999, citing a conflict with its mission; it is one of only two schools to do so. Clark is one of 40 schools profiled in the book Colleges That Change Lives by Loren Pope. Clark University was founded by American businessman Jonas Gilman Clark in 1887. He started the university with a million dollars, and later added another million dollars to the university fund because he feared the university might someday face lack of funds. The university was opened on October 2, 1889 as the first all-graduate university in the United States. G. Stanley Hall was the first president of the university.