Handelshochschule Leipzig (HHL) - Leipzig Graduate School of Management is a private business school in the German state of Saxony. It is one of the world's oldest Business Schools, having been established in 1898. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, the school has been re-founded under private management in 1992. HHL was founded in 1898 upon an initiative by the Leipzig Chamber of Commerce. In 1946, it was integrated into Leipzig University and regained partial independence in 1969. The school was re-founded in 1992, again, through an initiative of the Leipzig Chamber of Commerce. HHL is authorized to award doctoral and postdoctoral degrees. Well known former professors of HHL include Hermann Großmann, Arthur Lisowsky, Karl von der Aa, Karl Thalheim, Heinrich Niklisch and Balduin Penndorf. Well known former students of HHL include Eugen Schmalenbach and Rudolf Seyffert. Teaching and research at HHL is conducted almost entirely in English with some country-specific courses which are held in German. The school awards postgraduate degrees such as the Master of Science in General Management (M.Sc.